NFWPotential¶

class gala.potential.potential.NFWPotential(m, r_s, a=1, b=1, c=1, units=None, origin=None, R=None)

General Navarro-Frenk-White potential. Supports spherical, flattened, and triaxiality but the flattening is introduced into the potential, not the density, and can therefore lead to unphysical mass distributions. For a triaxial NFW potential that supports flattening in the density, see gala.potential.LeeSutoTriaxialNFWPotential.

Parameters
mQuantity, numeric [mass]

Scale mass.

r_sQuantity, numeric [length]

anumeric

Major axis scale.

bnumeric

Intermediate axis scale.

cnumeric

Minor axis scale.

unitsUnitSystem (optional)

Set of non-reducable units that specify (at minimum) the length, mass, time, and angle units.

originQuantity (optional)

The origin of the potential, the default being 0.

RRotation, array_like (optional)

A Scipy Rotation object or an array representing a rotation matrix that specifies a rotation of the potential. This is applied after the origin shift. Default is the identity matrix.

Attributes Summary

 from_circular_velocity(v_c, r_s[, a, b, c, …]) Initialize an NFW potential from a circular velocity, scale radius, and reference radius for the circular velocity. mass_enclosed(q, t) Estimate the mass enclosed within the given position by assuming the potential is spherical. replace_units Change the unit system of this potential. to_latex units

Methods Summary

 Call self as a function. acceleration(q[, t]) Compute the acceleration due to the potential at the given position(s). circular_velocity(q[, t]) Estimate the circular velocity at the given position assuming the potential is spherical. density(q[, t]) Compute the density value at the given position(s). energy(q[, t]) Compute the potential energy at the given position(s). gradient(q[, t]) Compute the gradient of the potential at the given position(s). hessian(q[, t]) Compute the Hessian of the potential at the given position(s). integrate_orbit(*args, **kwargs) Warning This is now deprecated. Convenient orbit integration should plot_contours(grid[, filled, ax, labels, …]) Plot equipotentials contours. plot_density_contours(grid[, filled, ax, …]) Plot density contours. Save the potential to a text file. total_energy(x, v) Compute the total energy (per unit mass) of a point in phase-space in this potential. value(*args, **kwargs)

Attributes Documentation

from_circular_velocity(v_c, r_s, a=1., b=1., c=1., r_ref=None, units=None, origin=None, R=None)

Initialize an NFW potential from a circular velocity, scale radius, and reference radius for the circular velocity.

For scale mass $$m_s$$, scale radius $$r_s$$, scaled reference radius $$u_{\rm ref} = r_{\rm ref}/r_s$$:

$\frac{G\,m_s}{r_s} = \frac{v_c^2}{u_{\rm ref}} \, \left[\frac{u_{\rm ref}}{1+u_{\rm ref}} - \frac{\ln(1+u_{\rm ref})}{u_{\rm ref}^2} \right]^{-1}$
Parameters
v_cQuantity, numeric [velocity]

Circular velocity at the reference radius r_ref (see below).

r_sQuantity, numeric [length]

anumeric

Major axis scale.

bnumeric

Intermediate axis scale.

cnumeric

Minor axis scale.

r_refQuantity, numeric [length] (optional)

Reference radius at which the circular velocity is given. By default, this is assumed to be the scale radius, r_s.

mass_enclosed(q, t)

Estimate the mass enclosed within the given position by assuming the potential is spherical. This is not so good!

Parameters
qarray_like, numeric

Position to compute the mass enclosed.

replace_units

Change the unit system of this potential.

Parameters
unitsUnitSystem

Set of non-reducable units that specify (at minimum) the

length, mass, time, and angle units.
copybool (optional)

If True, returns a copy, if False, changes this object.

to_latex
units

Methods Documentation

__call__(q)

Call self as a function.

acceleration(q, t=0.0)

Compute the acceleration due to the potential at the given position(s).

Parameters
qPhaseSpacePosition, Quantity, array_like

Position to compute the acceleration at.

Returns
accQuantity

The acceleration. Will have the same shape as the input position array, q.

circular_velocity(q, t=0.0)

Estimate the circular velocity at the given position assuming the potential is spherical.

Parameters
qarray_like, numeric

Position(s) to estimate the circular velocity.

Returns
vcircQuantity

Circular velocity at the given position(s). If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape q.shape[1:].

density(q, t=0.0)

Compute the density value at the given position(s).

Parameters
qPhaseSpacePosition, Quantity, array_like

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns
densQuantity

The potential energy or value of the potential. If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape q.shape[1:].

energy(q, t=0.0)

Compute the potential energy at the given position(s).

Parameters
qPhaseSpacePosition, Quantity, array_like

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns
EQuantity

The potential energy per unit mass or value of the potential.

gradient(q, t=0.0)

Compute the gradient of the potential at the given position(s).

Parameters
qPhaseSpacePosition, Quantity, array_like

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns
gradQuantity

The gradient of the potential. Will have the same shape as the input position.

hessian(q, t=0.0)

Compute the Hessian of the potential at the given position(s).

Parameters
qPhaseSpacePosition, Quantity, array_like

The position to compute the value of the potential. If the input position object has no units (i.e. is an ndarray), it is assumed to be in the same unit system as the potential.

Returns
hessQuantity

The Hessian matrix of second derivatives of the potential. If the input position has shape q.shape, the output energy will have shape (q.shape[0],q.shape[0]) + q.shape[1:]. That is, an n_dim by n_dim array (matrix) for each position.

integrate_orbit(*args, **kwargs)

Warning

This is now deprecated. Convenient orbit integration should happen using the gala.potential.Hamiltonian class. With a static reference frame, you just need to pass your potential in to the Hamiltonian constructor.

Integrate an orbit in the current potential using the integrator class provided. Uses same time specification as Integrator.run() – see the documentation for gala.integrate for more information.

Parameters
w0PhaseSpacePosition, array_like

Initial conditions.

IntegratorIntegrator (optional)

Integrator class to use.

Integrator_kwargsdict (optional)

Any extra keyword argumets to pass to the integrator class when initializing. Only works in non-Cython mode.

cython_if_possiblebool (optional)

If there is a Cython version of the integrator implemented, and the potential object has a C instance, using Cython will be much faster.

**time_spec

Specification of how long to integrate. See documentation for parse_time_specification.

Returns
orbitOrbit
plot_contours(grid, filled=True, ax=None, labels=None, subplots_kw={}, **kwargs)

Plot equipotentials contours. Computes the potential energy on a grid (specified by the array grid).

Warning

Right now the grid input must be arrays and must already be in the unit system of the potential. Quantity support is coming…

Parameters
gridtuple

Coordinate grids or slice value for each dimension. Should be a tuple of 1D arrays or numbers.

filledbool (optional)

Use contourf() instead of contour(). Default is True.

axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
labelsiterable (optional)

List of axis labels.

subplots_kwdict

kwargs passed to matplotlib’s subplots() function if an axes object is not specified.

kwargsdict

kwargs passed to either contourf() or plot().

Returns
figFigure
plot_density_contours(grid, filled=True, ax=None, labels=None, subplots_kw={}, **kwargs)

Plot density contours. Computes the density on a grid (specified by the array grid).

Warning

Right now the grid input must be arrays and must already be in the unit system of the potential. Quantity support is coming…

Parameters
gridtuple

Coordinate grids or slice value for each dimension. Should be a tuple of 1D arrays or numbers.

filledbool (optional)

Use contourf() instead of contour(). Default is True.

axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
labelsiterable (optional)

List of axis labels.

subplots_kwdict

kwargs passed to matplotlib’s subplots() function if an axes object is not specified.

kwargsdict

kwargs passed to either contourf() or plot().

Returns
figFigure
save(f)

Save the potential to a text file. See save() for more information.

Parameters
fstr, file_like

A filename or file-like object to write the input potential object to.

total_energy(x, v)

Compute the total energy (per unit mass) of a point in phase-space in this potential. Assumes the last axis of the input position / velocity is the dimension axis, e.g., for 100 points in 3-space, the arrays should have shape (100,3).

Parameters
xarray_like, numeric

Position.

varray_like, numeric

Velocity.

value(*args, **kwargs)