LM10Potential¶
-
class
gala.potential.potential.
LM10Potential
(units=<UnitSystem (kpc, Myr, solMass, rad)>, disk={}, bulge={}, halo={})[source]¶ Bases:
gala.potential.potential.CCompositePotential
The Galactic potential used by Law and Majewski (2010) to represent the Milky Way as a three-component sum of disk, bulge, and halo.
The disk potential is an axisymmetric
MiyamotoNagaiPotential
, the bulge potential is a sphericalHernquistPotential
, and the halo potential is a triaxialLogarithmicPotential
.Default parameters are fixed to those found in LM10 by fitting N-body simulations to the Sagittarius stream.
- Parameters
- units
UnitSystem
(optional) Set of non-reducable units that specify (at minimum) the length, mass, time, and angle units.
- diskdict (optional)
Parameters to be passed to the
MiyamotoNagaiPotential
.- bulgedict (optional)
Parameters to be passed to the
HernquistPotential
.- halodict (optional)
Parameters to be passed to the
LogarithmicPotential
.- Note: in subclassing, order of arguments must match order of potential
- components added at bottom of init.
- units
Attributes Summary
Methods Summary
__call__
(q)Call self as a function.
acceleration
(q[, t])Compute the acceleration due to the potential at the given position(s).
circular_velocity
(q[, t])Estimate the circular velocity at the given position assuming the potential is spherical.
clear
()copy
()density
(q[, t])Compute the density value at the given position(s).
energy
(q[, t])Compute the potential energy at the given position(s).
fromkeys
(/, iterable[, value])Create a new ordered dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
get
(key[, default])Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
gradient
(q[, t])Compute the gradient of the potential at the given position(s).
hessian
(q[, t])Compute the Hessian of the potential at the given position(s).
integrate_orbit
(*args, **kwargs)Warning
This is now deprecated. Convenient orbit integration should
items
()keys
()mass_enclosed
(q, t)Estimate the mass enclosed within the given position by assuming the potential is spherical.
move_to_end
(/, key[, last])Move an existing element to the end (or beginning if last is false).
plot_contours
(grid[, filled, ax, labels, …])Plot equipotentials contours.
plot_density_contours
(grid[, filled, ax, …])Plot density contours.
pop
(k[,d])value.
popitem
(/[, last])Remove and return a (key, value) pair from the dictionary.
replace_units
(units)Change the unit system of this potential.
save
(f)Save the potential to a text file.
setdefault
(/, key[, default])Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
to_latex
()Return a string LaTeX representation of this potential
to_sympy
()Return a representation of this potential class as a sympy expression
total_energy
(x, v)Compute the total energy (per unit mass) of a point in phase-space in this potential.
update
([E, ]**F)If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
value
(*args, **kwargs)values
()Attributes Documentation
-
Wrapper
= None¶
-
ndim
= 3¶
-
parameters
¶
-
units
¶
Methods Documentation
-
__call__
(q)¶ Call self as a function.
-
acceleration
(q, t=0.0)¶ Compute the acceleration due to the potential at the given position(s).
-
circular_velocity
(q, t=0.0)¶ Estimate the circular velocity at the given position assuming the potential is spherical.
- Parameters
- qarray_like, numeric
Position(s) to estimate the circular velocity.
- Returns
- vcirc
Quantity
Circular velocity at the given position(s). If the input position has shape
q.shape
, the output energy will have shapeq.shape[1:]
.
- vcirc
-
clear
() → None. Remove all items from od.¶
-
copy
() → a shallow copy of od¶
-
density
(q, t=0.0)¶ Compute the density value at the given position(s).
- Parameters
- Returns
- dens
Quantity
The potential energy or value of the potential. If the input position has shape
q.shape
, the output energy will have shapeq.shape[1:]
.
- dens
-
energy
(q, t=0.0)¶ Compute the potential energy at the given position(s).
- Parameters
- Returns
- E
Quantity
The potential energy per unit mass or value of the potential.
- E
-
fromkeys
(/, iterable, value=None)¶ Create a new ordered dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value.
-
get
(key, default=None, /)¶ Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
-
gradient
(q, t=0.0)¶ Compute the gradient of the potential at the given position(s).
- Parameters
- Returns
- grad
Quantity
The gradient of the potential. Will have the same shape as the input position.
- grad
-
hessian
(q, t=0.0)¶ Compute the Hessian of the potential at the given position(s).
- Parameters
- Returns
- hess
Quantity
The Hessian matrix of second derivatives of the potential. If the input position has shape
q.shape
, the output energy will have shape(q.shape[0],q.shape[0]) + q.shape[1:]
. That is, ann_dim
byn_dim
array (matrix) for each position.
- hess
-
integrate_orbit
(*args, **kwargs)¶ Warning
This is now deprecated. Convenient orbit integration should happen using the
gala.potential.Hamiltonian
class. With a static reference frame, you just need to pass your potential in to theHamiltonian
constructor.Integrate an orbit in the current potential using the integrator class provided. Uses same time specification as
Integrator.run()
– see the documentation forgala.integrate
for more information.- Parameters
- w0
PhaseSpacePosition
, array_like Initial conditions.
- Integrator
Integrator
(optional) Integrator class to use.
- Integrator_kwargsdict (optional)
Any extra keyword argumets to pass to the integrator class when initializing. Only works in non-Cython mode.
- cython_if_possiblebool (optional)
If there is a Cython version of the integrator implemented, and the potential object has a C instance, using Cython will be much faster.
- **time_spec
Specification of how long to integrate. See documentation for
parse_time_specification
.
- w0
- Returns
- orbit
Orbit
- orbit
-
items
() → a set-like object providing a view on D’s items¶
-
keys
() → a set-like object providing a view on D’s keys¶
-
mass_enclosed
(q, t)¶ Estimate the mass enclosed within the given position by assuming the potential is spherical. This is not so good!
- Parameters
- qarray_like, numeric
Position to compute the mass enclosed.
-
move_to_end
(/, key, last=True)¶ Move an existing element to the end (or beginning if last is false).
Raise KeyError if the element does not exist.
-
plot_contours
(grid, filled=True, ax=None, labels=None, subplots_kw={}, **kwargs)¶ Plot equipotentials contours. Computes the potential energy on a grid (specified by the array
grid
).Warning
Right now the grid input must be arrays and must already be in the unit system of the potential. Quantity support is coming…
- Parameters
- gridtuple
Coordinate grids or slice value for each dimension. Should be a tuple of 1D arrays or numbers.
- filledbool (optional)
Use
contourf()
instead ofcontour()
. Default isTrue
.- axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
- labelsiterable (optional)
List of axis labels.
- subplots_kwdict
kwargs passed to matplotlib’s subplots() function if an axes object is not specified.
- kwargsdict
kwargs passed to either contourf() or plot().
- Returns
- fig
Figure
- fig
-
plot_density_contours
(grid, filled=True, ax=None, labels=None, subplots_kw={}, **kwargs)¶ Plot density contours. Computes the density on a grid (specified by the array
grid
).Warning
Right now the grid input must be arrays and must already be in the unit system of the potential. Quantity support is coming…
- Parameters
- gridtuple
Coordinate grids or slice value for each dimension. Should be a tuple of 1D arrays or numbers.
- filledbool (optional)
Use
contourf()
instead ofcontour()
. Default isTrue
.- axmatplotlib.Axes (optional)
- labelsiterable (optional)
List of axis labels.
- subplots_kwdict
kwargs passed to matplotlib’s subplots() function if an axes object is not specified.
- kwargsdict
kwargs passed to either contourf() or plot().
- Returns
- fig
Figure
- fig
-
pop
(k[, d]) → v, remove specified key and return the corresponding¶ value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
-
popitem
(/, last=True)¶ Remove and return a (key, value) pair from the dictionary.
Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
-
replace_units
(units)¶ Change the unit system of this potential.
- Parameters
- units
UnitSystem
Set of non-reducable units that specify (at minimum) the length, mass, time, and angle units.
- units
-
save
(f)¶ Save the potential to a text file. See
save()
for more information.- Parameters
- fstr, file_like
A filename or file-like object to write the input potential object to.
-
setdefault
(/, key, default=None)¶ Insert key with a value of default if key is not in the dictionary.
Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default.
-
classmethod
to_latex
()¶ Return a string LaTeX representation of this potential
- Returns
- latex_strstr
The latex expression as a Python string.
-
classmethod
to_sympy
()¶ Return a representation of this potential class as a sympy expression
- Returns
- exprsympy expression
- varsdict
A dictionary of sympy symbols used in the expression.
-
total_energy
(x, v)¶ Compute the total energy (per unit mass) of a point in phase-space in this potential. Assumes the last axis of the input position / velocity is the dimension axis, e.g., for 100 points in 3-space, the arrays should have shape (100,3).
- Parameters
- xarray_like, numeric
Position.
- varray_like, numeric
Velocity.
-
update
([E, ]**F) → None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.¶ If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
-
value
(*args, **kwargs)¶
-
values
() → an object providing a view on D’s values¶